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学画“梅兰竹菊”可以为花鸟画练就扎实的基本功,通过画好“梅兰竹菊”,进而融会贯通,为进一步画各种花卉打好基础。通过这四种花卉的技法练习,能更快更好地掌握花鸟画的基本功。
梅树有干、梗、枝三部分。干是指老干、粗干部分,画老干时可用双勾偏锋着笔,墨色以淡、枯、渴为宜,并画出飞白的笔墨情味,再用淡墨皴擦,最后用浓墨点苔,以浓破淡,枯湿相间,并求梅树苍劲老辣的质感和遒劲的精神。梅树的梗,一般是指较粗的枝条,树梗从粗干发出,强硬、刚直、气势矫健,出笔时要挺拔有力,墨色可浓一点,或浓淡相间。梅之枝为着花之处,画时须有长、短、曲、直,使之有致。
画梅的干、梗、枝,要画出遒劲、苍老、古拙的意趣,宁简勿繁,宁粗勿细,宁硬勿软,宁老勿嫩,宁刚勿柔。
梅花五瓣,一般画花以单瓣为多。有正、有反、有侧,全放、未放者,均以淡墨相互画之,再以浓墨画出花丝和花萼。画花宜稀疏,少而不寒碜,多而不杂乱,姿态生动。圈花宜圆中带方,方中寓圆,出笔随意,点染凝重。
本课程通过画梅的一些章法介绍,系统论述画面的构成形式及其构成要素,在创作中可以举一反三的加以应用。
画兰主要画花与叶。
画叶:用较浓的墨色画兰叶,要疏密相间,画出绰约风姿。叶有长短、疏密、粗细、浓淡、干湿之分,运笔有一波三折,起笔略带尖细,收笔可用鼠尾秃笔画就,劲挺有力,刚中带柔,肉中带刚,粗、细、浓、淡相间,画叶切忌编篱、打结、井字形、平行线等。
画花用点厾法。兰花也有正、侧、偃、仰,有含苞待放的、全放的。初放的花可画二、三、四瓣不等,盛开的花要画五瓣,阔的花瓣为正向,窄的花瓣为侧向。含苞的花瓣只须一点、两点即可,兰心一般用浓墨三点即可。画茎须用淡墨,蕙兰发茎求劲挺,可先画花发茎,后着花。画花瓣的墨色,宜淡不宜浓,要滋润透明。
画丛兰:撇叶宜纵横交错,疏密有致,繁而不乱,舒展自由。折叶当以劲折取势,但不宜过多;墨色要浓淡自然,以浓墨为主,疏密合拍,相映成趣;主花宜出叶外,插茎叶中,花后衬叶,叶中藏花,使花与叶有隐、现、藏、露之美。丛兰应分组而画,可分两组或三组,要有主有宾客,互相照应,可自左而右,也可自右而左,但要有主势,切忌左右交叉,无趋向,不得势。
画竹要先画竿,再发细枝,最后生叶。运笔要悬臂中锋,用淡墨画竿和枝,用浓墨画叶和节。画竿以淡墨着笔,画竿留节,从上而下,或从下而上,行笔如写篆书,笔意贯穿,以一气呵成,劲挺有力,切忌柔弱。画节须以浓墨点之,更见其神。两竿以上之竹须主客分明,主者耸,有凌云之概,客则或仰或俯,有呼唤尊卑之情,其交叉排列应顺乎自然。对每枝竹竿的墨色处理,应有浓、淡、干、湿的变化,以自然为度,还要画出正、斜、横、卧、粗、细不等的竹枝,在枝杈画好后,接着添叶。
叶乃竹之精神所在,一笔一叶,叶叶生动,不板不凝,迎风飞舞,遇雨则垂,雨过则劲。
画竹叶难度最大,因为竹叶的变化多端,层次繁复,要画得密而不乱,疏而不简,叶叶须着枝,笔笔有法度。《芥子园画谱》在画叶法中说:“下笔劲力,实按而虚起,一抹便过,少迟留,则钝厚不锐。”叶乃竹之精神所在,一笔一叶,叶叶生动,不板不凝,迎风飞舞,遇雨则垂,雨过则劲。
画竹叶以焦墨、浓墨、重墨着笔,务求前后层次有变化,并有浓淡相间的墨色,以一笔到三、五笔为一组,互相结合而成章法,然后将浓淡、大小的叶子,参差相见,前后交叉,疏疏密密,表现出“离离竹影”之妙境。
菊之主要部分为花、叶、茎。花易画,叶最难,茎须得其势,则生动有致。画菊顺序一般是先画花,后发叶,再生枝,然后点苔、补景、画点缀物。画菊的步骤,亦可根据章法的需要,先画枝干,后加叶子,或者画出部分叶子,再加枝添叶。但花头的位置、趋势,要先安排妥当。技法变化,不可拘于一格。
画菊要注意透视关系,用笔要轻快自如,一气呵成,才能表现出花头的韵味,花瓣画完后点心,根据花形的变化,随意为之。两朵以上的花头,则应有大小、正侧之别,并应用有疏密变化。
调出浓淡墨色画叶,用侧锋画出长短、阔窄、向上、下垂、折叶、卷叶的变化,正叶为浓,反叶为淡,近者为实,远者为虚,前叶为深,后叶为浅,使菊叶变化多姿。在叶片的水分将干未干时,用浓墨勾出叶筋,达到水墨淋漓、气韵生动的笔墨情趣。在花头周围,菊叶宜茂密,叶承花下,花才有情。枝干上端的叶子,宜浑厚而色深润,枝干下端的叶子宜苍老而色枯黄。通幅画中,叶子的浓淡、枯湿等,力求生动有变化,有韵味。
画完花和叶后,添加枝梗。枝梗的穿插和交叉,需根据花和叶的定向而画出,枝梗趋势和位置的安排,是与花、叶紧密联系。枝根上端劲而柔,枝梗下端老而劲;主梗宜劲,旁枝宜嫩,偃而不垂,仰而不直,画出带露傲霜之姿。
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老师介绍
![宋开智老师头像](https://file.lymlart.com/images/1/2021/03/N9IWm4x1oiMqERQrcXSms4sOe4inRe.png)
宋开智
西泠印社社员
中国美术学院国画系教师
中国书法家协会会员
浙江省中国画家协会会员
浙江省书法家协会篆刻创作委员会委员
浙江省青年书法家协会理事
篆刻委员会副主任
参展和获奖经历
2007-2008年蝉联“浙江省青年书法二十家”
2007年江苏省第四届青年篆刻展(金奖)
2011年浙江省第三届篆刻大展(金奖)
2013年浙江省第四届篆刻大展(金奖)
2014年举办“门里门外”一宋开智书画印作品展
2017年参加”清气满乾坤”一梅花主题中国画展
2018年参加“美丽杭州”一中国画双年展
2019年参加西泠书画院建院40周年书画展
编著
《中国篆刻聚珍》《玉印》卷
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